osquery初识

说明

osquery是一个由FaceBook开源用于对系统进行查询、监控以及分析的一款软件。osquery对其的说明如下:

osquery exposes an operating system as a high-performance relational database. This allows you to write SQL-based queries to explore operating system data. With osquery, SQL tables represent abstract concepts such as running processes, loaded kernel modules, open network connections, browser plugins, hardware events or file hashes.

我们知道当你们在Linux中使用诸如pstopls -l等等命令的时候,可以发下其实他们的输出结果的格式都是很固定的很像一张表。或许是基于这样的想法,facebook开发了osqueryosquery将操作系统当作是一个高性能的关系型数据库。使用osquery运行我们能够使用类似于SQL语句的方式去查询数据库中的信息,比如正在运行的进程信息,加载的内核模块,网络连接,浏览器插件等等信息(一切查询的信息的粒度取决于osquery的实现粒度了)。

osquery也广泛地支持多个平台,包括MacOSCentOSUbuntuWindows 10以及FreeBSD,具体所支持的版本的信息也可以在osquery主页查看。除此之外,osquery的配套文档/网站也是一应俱全,包括主页Githubreadthedocsslack

本篇文章以CentOS为例说明Osquery的安装以及使用。

安装

主页上面提供了不同操作系统的安装包,我们下载CentOS对应的rpm文件即可。在本例中文件名是osquery-3.3.0-1.linux.x86_64.rpm,使用命令sudo yum install osquery-3.3.0-1.linux.x86_64.rpm安装。安装成功之后会出现:

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Installed:
osquery.x86_64 0:3.3.0-1.linux
Complete!

运行

osquery存在两种运行模式,分别是osqueryi(交互式模式)、osqueryd(后台进程模式)。

  • osqueryi,与osqueryd安全独立,不需要以管理员的身份运行,能够及时地查看当前操作系统的状态信息。
  • osqueryd,我们能够利用osqueryd执行定时查询记录操作系统的变化,例如在第一次执行和第二次执行之间的进程变化(增加/减少),osqueryd会将进程执行的结果保存(文件或者是直接打到kafka中)。osqueryd还会利用操作系统的API来记录文件目录的变化、硬件事件、网络行为的变化等等。osqueryd在Linux中是以系统服务的方式来运行。

为了便于演示,我们使用osqueyi来展示osquery强大的功能。我们直接在terminal中输入osqueryi即可进入到osqueryi的交互模式中(osqueryi采用的是sqlite的shell的语法,所以我们也可以使用在sqlite中的所有的内置函数)。

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[user@localhost Desktop]$ osqueryi
Using a virtual database. Need help, type '.help'
osquery> .help
Welcome to the osquery shell. Please explore your OS!
You are connected to a transient 'in-memory' virtual database.

.all [TABLE] Select all from a table
.bail ON|OFF Stop after hitting an error
.echo ON|OFF Turn command echo on or off
.exit Exit this program
.features List osquery's features and their statuses
.headers ON|OFF Turn display of headers on or off
.help Show this message
.mode MODE Set output mode where MODE is one of:
csv Comma-separated values
column Left-aligned columns see .width
line One value per line
list Values delimited by .separator string
pretty Pretty printed SQL results (default)
.nullvalue STR Use STRING in place of NULL values
.print STR... Print literal STRING
.quit Exit this program
.schema [TABLE] Show the CREATE statements
.separator STR Change separator used by output mode
.socket Show the osquery extensions socket path
.show Show the current values for various settings
.summary Alias for the show meta command
.tables [TABLE] List names of tables
.width [NUM1]+ Set column widths for "column" mode
.timer ON|OFF Turn the CPU timer measurement on or off

通过.help,我们能够查看在osqueryi模式下的一些基本操作。比如.exit表示退出osqueryi,.mode切换osqueryi的输出结果,.show展示目前osqueryi的配置信息,.tables展示在当前的操作系统中能够支持的所有的表名。.schema [TABLE]显示具体的表的结构信息。

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osquery> .show
osquery - being built, with love, at Facebook
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
osquery 3.3.0
using SQLite 3.19.3

General settings:
Flagfile:
Config: filesystem (/etc/osquery/osquery.conf)
Logger: filesystem (/var/log/osquery/)
Distributed: tls
Database: ephemeral
Extensions: core
Socket: /home/xingjun/.osquery/shell.em

Shell settings:
echo: off
headers: on
mode: pretty
nullvalue: ""
output: stdout
separator: "|"
width:

Non-default flags/options:
database_path: /home/xingjun/.osquery/shell.db
disable_database: true
disable_events: true
disable_logging: true
disable_watchdog: true
extensions_socket: /home/xingjun/.osquery/shell.em
hash_delay: 0
logtostderr: true
stderrthreshold: 3

可以看到设置包括常规设置(General settings)、shell设置(Shell settings)、非默认选项(Non-default flags/options)。在常规设置中主要是显示了各种配置文件的位置(配置文件/存储日志文件的路径)。 在shell设置中包括了是否需要表头信息(headers),显示方式(mode: pretty),分隔符(separator: "|")。

.table可以查看在当前操作系统中所支持的所有的表,虽然在schema中列出了所有的表(包括了win平台,MacOS平台,Linux平台)。但是具体到某一个平台上面是不会包含其他平台上的表。下方显示的就是我在CentOS7下显示的表。

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osquery> .table
=> acpi_tables
=> apt_sources
=> arp_cache
=> augeas
=> authorized_keys
=> block_devices
=> carbon_black_info
=> carves
=> chrome_extensions
=> cpu_time
=> cpuid
=> crontab
...

.schema [TABLE]可以用于查看具体的表的结构信息。如下所示:

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osquery> .schema users
CREATE TABLE users(`uid` BIGINT, `gid` BIGINT, `uid_signed` BIGINT, `gid_signed` BIGINT, `username` TEXT, `description` TEXT, `directory` TEXT, `shell` TEXT, `uuid` TEXT, `type` TEXT HIDDEN, PRIMARY KEY (`uid`, `username`)) WITHOUT ROWID;
osquery> .schema processes
CREATE TABLE processes(`pid` BIGINT, `name` TEXT, `path` TEXT, `cmdline` TEXT, `state` TEXT, `cwd` TEXT, `root` TEXT, `uid` BIGINT, `gid` BIGINT, `euid` BIGINT, `egid` BIGINT, `suid` BIGINT, `sgid` BIGINT, `on_disk` INTEGER, `wired_size` BIGINT, `resident_size` BIGINT, `total_size` BIGINT, `user_time` BIGINT, `system_time` BIGINT, `disk_bytes_read` BIGINT, `disk_bytes_written` BIGINT, `start_time` BIGINT, `parent` BIGINT, `pgroup` BIGINT, `threads` INTEGER, `nice` INTEGER, `is_elevated_token` INTEGER HIDDEN, `upid` BIGINT HIDDEN, `uppid` BIGINT HIDDEN, `cpu_type` INTEGER HIDDEN, `cpu_subtype` INTEGER HIDDEN, `phys_footprint` BIGINT HIDDEN, PRIMARY KEY (`pid`)) WITHOUT ROWID;

上面通过.schema查看usersprocesses表的信息,结果输出的是他们对应的DDL。

基本使用

在本章节中,将会演示使用osqueryi来实时查询操作系统中的信息(为了方便展示查询结果使用的是.mode line模式)。

查看系统信息

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osquery> select * from system_info;
hostname = localhost
uuid = 4ee0ad05-c2b2-47ce-aea1-c307e421fa88
cpu_type = x86_64
cpu_subtype = 158
cpu_brand = Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-8400 CPU @ 2.80GHz
cpu_physical_cores = 1
cpu_logical_cores = 1
cpu_microcode = 0x84
physical_memory = 2924228608
hardware_vendor =
hardware_model =
hardware_version =
hardware_serial =
computer_name = localhost.localdomain
local_hostname = localhost

查询的结果包括了CPU的型号,核数,内存大小,计算机名称等等;

查看OS版本

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osquery> select * from os_version;
name = CentOS Linux
version = CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)
major = 7
minor = 4
patch = 1708
build =
platform = rhel
platform_like = rhel
codename =

可以看到我的本机的操作系统的版本是CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

查看内核信息版本

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osquery> SELECT * FROM kernel_info;
version = 3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
arguments = ro crashkernel=auto rd.lvm.lv=centos/root rd.lvm.lv=centos/swap rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
path = /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
device = /dev/mapper/centos-root

osquery> SELECT * FROM kernel_modules LIMIT 3;
name = tcp_lp
size = 12663
used_by = -
status = Live
address = 0xffffffffc06cf000

name = fuse
size = 91874
used_by = -
status = Live
address = 0xffffffffc06ae000

name = xt_CHECKSUM
size = 12549
used_by = -
status = Live
address = 0xffffffffc06a9000

查询repo和pkg信息

osquery提供查询系统中的repo和okg相关信息的表。在Ubuntu中对应的是apt相关的包信息,在Centos中对应的是yum相关的包信息。本例均以yum包为例进行说明。

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osquery> SELECT * FROM yum_sources  limit 2;
name = CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl =
enabled =
gpgcheck = 1
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

name = CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl =
enabled =
gpgcheck = 1
gpgkey = file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

我们可以直接利用yum_sources来查看操作系统的yum源相关的信息。

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osquery> SELECT name, version FROM rpm_packages order by name limit 3;
name = GConf2
version = 3.2.6

name = GeoIP
version = 1.5.0

name = ModemManager
version = 1.6.0

利用rpm_packages查看系统中已经安装的rpm包信息。我们也可以通过name对我们需要查询的包进行过滤,如下:

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osquery> SELECT name, version FROM rpm_packages where name="osquery";
name = osquery
version = 3.3.0

挂载信息

我们可以使用mounts表来查询系统中的具体的驱动信息。例如我们可以如下的SQL语句进行查询:

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SELECT * FROM mounts;
SELECT device, path, type, inodes_free, flags FROM mounts;

我们也可以使用where语句查询摸一个具体的驱动信息,例如ext4或者是tmpfs信息。如下:

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osquery> SELECT device, path, type, inodes_free, flags FROM mounts WHERE type="ext4";
osquery> SELECT device, path, type, inodes_free, flags FROM mounts WHERE type="tmpfs";
device = tmpfs
path = /dev/shm
type = tmpfs
inodes_free = 356960
flags = rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev

device = tmpfs
path = /run
type = tmpfs
inodes_free = 356386
flags = rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,mode=755

device = tmpfs
path = /sys/fs/cgroup
type = tmpfs
inodes_free = 356945
flags = ro,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,noexec,mode=755

device = tmpfs
path = /run/user/42
type = tmpfs
inodes_free = 356955
flags = rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=285572k,mode=700,uid=42,gid=42

device = tmpfs
path = /run/user/1000
type = tmpfs
inodes_free = 356939
flags = rw,seclabel,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=285572k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000

内存信息

使用memory_info查看内存信息,如下:

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osquery> select * from memory_info;
memory_total = 2924228608
memory_free = 996024320
buffers = 4280320
cached = 899137536
swap_cached = 0
active = 985657344
inactive = 629919744
swap_total = 2684350464
swap_free = 2684350464

网卡信息

使用interface_addresses查看网卡信息,如下:

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osquery> SELECT * FROM interface_addresses;
interface = lo
address = 127.0.0.1
mask = 255.0.0.0
broadcast =
point_to_point = 127.0.0.1
type =

interface = virbr0
address = 192.168.122.1
mask = 255.255.255.0
broadcast = 192.168.122.255
point_to_point =
type =

interface = lo
address = ::1
mask = ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
broadcast =
point_to_point =
type =

还可以使用interface_details查看更加具体的网卡信息。

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SELECT * FROM interface_details;
SELECT interface, mac, ipackets, opackets, ibytes, obytes FROM interface_details;

查询结果如下

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osquery> SELECT * FROM interface_details;
interface = lo
mac = 00:00:00:00:00:00
type = 4
mtu = 65536
metric = 0
flags = 65609
ipackets = 688
opackets = 688
ibytes = 59792
obytes = 59792
ierrors = 0
oerrors = 0
idrops = 0
odrops = 0
collisions = 0
last_change = -1
link_speed =
pci_slot =
....

系统启动时间

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osquery> select * from uptime;
days = 0
hours = 2
minutes = 23
seconds = 51
total_seconds = 8631

查询用户信息

osquery提供了多个表用于查询用户的信息,包括使用users表检索系统中所有的用户,使用last表查看用户上次登录的信息,使用logged_in_user查询具有活动shell的用户信息。
使用select * from users查看所有用户信息,使用类似于uid>1000的方式过滤用户。

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osquery> select * from users where uid>1000;
uid = 65534
gid = 65534
uid_signed = 65534
gid_signed = 65534
username = nfsnobody
description = Anonymous NFS User
directory = /var/lib/nfs
shell = /sbin/nologin
uuid =

我们可以使用last表查询最终的登录信息,如SELECT * FROM last;。对于普通用户来说,其type值为7。那么我们的查询条件如下:

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osquery> SELECT * FROM last where type=7;
username = user
tty = :0
pid = 12776
type = 7
time = 1539882439
host = :0

username = user
tty = pts/0
pid = 13754
type = 7
time = 1539882466
host = :0

其中的time是时间戳类型,转换为具体的日期之后就可以看到具体的登录时间了。

使用SELECT * FROM logged_in_users;查看当前已经登录的用户信息。

防火墙信息

我们可以使用iptables来查看具体的防火墙信息,如select * from iptables;,也可以进行过滤查询具体的防火墙信息。如SELECT chain, policy, src_ip, dst_ip FROM iptables WHERE chain="POSTROUTING" order by src_ip;

进程信息

我们可以使用processes来查询系统上进程的信息,包括pid,name,path,command等等。
可以使用select * from processes;或者查看具体的某几项信息,select pid,name,path,cmdline from processes;

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osquery> select pid,name,path,cmdline from processes limit 2;
pid = 1
name = systemd
path =
cmdline = /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 21

pid = 10
name = watchdog/0
path =
cmdline =

检查计划任务

我们可以使用crontab来检查系统中的计划任务。

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osquery> select * from crontab;
event =
minute = 01
hour = *
day_of_month = *
month = *
day_of_week = *
command = root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
path = /etc/cron.d/0hourly

event =
minute = 0
hour = 1
day_of_month = *
month = *
day_of_week = Sun
command = root /usr/sbin/raid-check
path = /etc/cron.d/raid-check

其他

在Linux中还存在其他很多的表能够帮助我们更好地进行入侵检测相关的工作,包括process_eventssocket_eventsprocess_open_sockets等等,这些表可供我们进行入侵检测的确认工作。至于这些表的工作原理,有待阅读osquery的源代码进行进一步分析。

总结

本文主要是对Osquery的基础功能进行了介绍。Oquery的强大功能需要进一步地挖掘和发现。总体来说,Osquery将操作系统中的信息抽象成为一张张表,对于进行基线检查,系统监控是一个非常优雅的方式。当然由于Osquery在这方面的优势,也可以考虑将其作为HIDS的客户端,但是如果HIDS仅仅只有Osquery也显然是不够的。

以上